摘 要:传奉官是明朝中后期所特有的一种非正常的选官、任官形式,从宪宗朝开始,一直延续到熹宗年间,存在了约一百六十年。至多之时,一次传奉上千人,形成极庞大的社会群体。传奉官现象的形成有多种原因。皇帝因个人喜好,大量传奉官员,以满足自己的需求。阉人佞幸借此大肆收受贿赂,蛊惑圣听,干预朝政,导致政治混乱。传奉官大增,造成“冗官”,给明朝的财政带来很大负担。传奉官群体鱼龙混杂,也给朝政带来不正之风,极不利于社会安定。
关键词: 明中后期;传奉官;传奉;成化
The officer directly appointed by the emperor study in the middle and late Ming Dynasty
Abstract:The phenomenon of “officer directly appointed by the emperor” was a peculiar form of official selection in the late Ming dynasty. It lasted from the period of Xian-zong to the period of Xi-zong, and lasted for about 160 years. At the very most, there are thousands of people directly appointed at once, forming a huge social group.There are a variety of reasons for the formation of officer directly appointed by the emperor. Because of personal preference, the emperor appointed a lot of officials to meet their own needs. The Eunuch and treacherous court official took the chance to take bribes, bewitched the emperor, and intervened in government affairs, leading to political chaos.The increase in the number of “officer directly appointed by the emperor”, resulting in "redundant officials", which put a great burden on the financial system of the Ming dynasty. The messy group of the officer directly appointed by the emperor has also brought unhealthy tendencies to the politics of the state and it is extremely detrimental to social stability.
Key Words: the middle and late Ming Dynasty;officer directly appointed by the emperor;directly appointed by the emperor;the period of ChengHua
目 录
摘要-1
Abstract-Ⅱ
目录Ⅲ
一、明代官吏的选拔与任用-1
二、明中后期传奉官的基本概况2
三、传奉官的产生原因7
四、传奉官的影响-9
参考文献11
在中国传统的官僚政治中,人才的选用在任何朝代无疑都是极为重要的一个政治环节。在明代的中后期,出现了一种较为特殊的选用官吏的方式——传奉授官。传奉授官指的是由太监传奉皇帝的圣旨来给予官职的一种例外的授官方式。类似于传奉的授官形式,即不经吏部而是由皇帝以个人意志决定官吏的升降的这类形式,在明中后期之前并不是完全不存在的,但始于明中期的传奉授官方式发展成为了一种较为稳定的授官制度,存续至明朝末年。这种授官的方式不仅给明代的政治生活带来了极为重要的变化,其影响也波及到了普通百姓的生活,对明中后期的国家发展造成了极为深刻的影响。
一、明代官吏的选拔与任用
传奉官制度是一种非正常情况下的选官任官方式,区别于一般情况下的选官正途。所谓选官正途,其实有四。《明史》记载选官途径为:“曰学校,曰科目,曰荐举,曰铨选。学校以教育之,科目以登进之,荐举以旁招之,铨选以布列之,天下人才尽于是矣。” 《明史》所记载的明代正常选官途径有四种:学校,科举,荐举,铨选。学校通过教育来输出人才,政府通过科举进用人才,荐举是科举之余的补充选取人才的方式,铨选则是选拔人才后进行任用的过程。
明代的学校与科举是紧密结合在一起的,只有经过学校的学习才可以参加科举,但经过学习后的学校学生也可以不经过科举,直接得官。学校分为两类,一为中央一级的学校,即“国子学”,后来也叫“国子监”;一为地方一级的学校,即府、州、县学。地方学校的学生只有入国子学才可得官。 明中后期传奉官研究:http://www.chuibin.com/wenxue/lunwen_205999.html